Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal.2015. № 4 (16). P. 131—141
07.00.00 HISTORICAL SCIENCES AND ARCHEOLOGY
UDC 94(47)“1917/1920”
Magomedov Ramazan Radzhabovich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Orenburg State Pedagogical University Grishakova Larisa Valeryevna, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associated Professor
Orenburg State Pedagogical University
FOOD POLICY OF THE BOLSHEVIKS AND PRIVATE SPECULATION IN THE SOUTHERN URALS DURING THE CIVIL WAR
Abstract
In the present article an attempt is made on the basis of the analysis of food policy of the Bolsheviks to show the occurrence of private speculation as a social phenomenon in the southern Urals, which was one of the producing regions during the Civil War. Using the materials from Central and local archives the authors show that the situation with food security in the provinces of the southern Urals in the period under review reflected the overall picture with the supply of bread in the country.
Key words
Civil War, ‘meshochnik’ (speculators), illegal supply, the Bolsheviks, grain monopoly, requisitioning, fixed prices.
1. Abramovskiy А. P., Polovinko V. P. Borba uralskikh bolshevikov za obespecheniye rabochego klassa prodovolstviyem v pervyye mesyatsy Sovetskoy vlasti (oktyabr 1917 — mart 1918 gg.) [Fighting Ural Bolsheviks for providing food to the working class in the first months of the Soviet regime (October 1917 - March 1918)]. In: Borba partiynykh organizatsiy Urala za razvitiye tyazheloy promyshlennosti v period stroitelstva sotsializma / Chelyab. ped. in-t [The struggle of the party organizations of the Urals for the development of heavy industry in the period of socialism building]. Chelyabinsk, 1978, vol. 1, pp. 3-16.
2. Antonov А. L. Kommunisty Urala v borbe za khleb v 1918 g. [Ural Communists in the struggle for bread in 1918]. In: Iz istorii Yuzhnogo Urala i Zauralya. Uchenyye zapiski Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo instituta [From the history of the Southern Urals and Trans. Scientific notes of Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical Institute]. Chelyabinsk, 1967, vol. 2, pp. 48-66.
3. Gimpelson E. P. Voyennyy kommunizm: politika, praktika, ideologiya [War Communism: policies, practices, ideology]. Moscow, 1973. 246 p.
4. Gimpelson E. P. Skvoz buri grazhdanskoy voyny — po puti k sotsializmu: v pomoshch lektoru [Through the storm of the Civil War — on the way to socialism: to help the lecturer]. Moscow, 1988. 48 p.
5. Golos naroda. Pisma i otkliki ryadovykh sovetskikh grazhdan o sobytiyakh 1918—1932 gg. / otv. red. A. K. Sokolov [The voice of the people. Letters and responses of ordinary Soviet citizens about the events of 1918—1932 gg. / ed. A. K. Sokolov]. Moscow, 1997. 328 p.
6. Gosudarstvennyy arhiv Orenburgskoy oblasti. F. 5556. Op. 1. D. 57.
7. Davydov А. Yu. Meshochnichestvo i sovetskaya prodovolstvennaya diktatura. 1918—1922 gody [Private speculation and Soviet food dictatorship. 1918—1922 years]. Voprosy istorii, 1994, no 3.
8. Davydov А. Yu. Meshochniki i diktatura v Rossii. 1917—1921 [Speculators and dictatorship in Russia. 1917—1921]. St. Petersburg, 2007.
9. Davydov А. Yu. Nelegalnoye snabzheniye rossiyskogo naseleniya i vlast. 1917—1921 gg. Meshochniki [Illegal supply of the Russian population and the authorities. Of 1917—1921. Speculators]. St. Petersburg, 2002. 341 p.
10. Davydov M. I. Borba za khleb. Prodovolstvennaya politika Kommunisticheskoy partii i Sovetskogo gosudarstva v gody grazhdanskoy voyny (1917—1920) [Struggle for bread. Food policy of the Communist Party and the Soviet state during the Civil War (1917—1920)]. Moscow, 1976. 221 p.
11. Dekrety Sovetskoy vlasti [The decrees of Soviet power]. Moscow, 1959. Vol. 2. 686 p.
12. Izvestiya Narodnogo Kommissariata po prodovolstviyu [News of the People’s Commissariat for Food]. Moscow, 1918, no 4—5.
13. Izvestiya Narodnogo Kommissariata po prodovolstviyu [News of the People’s Commissariat for Food]. Moscow, 1918, no 6—7.
14. Izvestiya TsK RKP(b) [News of the RCP(b)], 1920, 4 sept.
15. Kitanina Т. М. Voyna, khleb i revolyutsiya: (Prodovolstvennyy vopros v Rossii. 1914 — oktyabr 1917 g.) [War, revolution and bread (food problem in Russia. 1914 — October 1917)]. Moscow, 1985. 384 p.
16. Lenin V. I. O golode (pismo k piterskim rabochim) [About hunger (letter to the Petrograd workers)]. In: Poln. sobr. soch. [Сomplete works]. Vol. 36, pp. 357-364.
17. Lenin V. I. Ekonomika i politika v epokhu diktatury proletariata [Economics and politics in the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat]. In: Poln. sobr. soch. [Сomplete works]. Vol. 39.
18. Lenin V. I. Rech na zasedanii Moskovskogo Soveta rabochikh i krasnoarmeyskikh deputatov 6 marta 1920 g. [Speech at the meeting of the Moscow Soviet of Workers ‘and Soldiers’ Deputies of March 6, 1920]. In: Poln. sobr. soch. [Сomplete works]. Vol. 40, pp. 195-202.
19. Magomedov R. R. Pokhod za khlebom. Istoriya prodovolstvennoy politiki gosudarstva na Yuzhnom Urale v pervyye gody sovetskoy vlasti [Searching for bread. The history of food policy in the Southern Urals in the first years of Soviet power]. Orenburg, 2006. 152 p.
20. Obyedinennyy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Chelyabinskoy oblasti (OGAChO) [United State Archive of Chelyabinsk Region]. F. R-20. Op. 1. D. 52.
21. OGAChO. F. R-20. Op. 1. D. 72.
22. OGAChO. F. R-20. Op. 1. D. 80.
23. OGAChO. F. R-20. Op. 1. D. 101.
24. OGAChO. F. R-20. Op. 1. D. 119.
25. Pavlyuchenkov S. Pochemu vspykhnula “antonovshchina”? [Why “Antonovshchina” broke out?]. Nedelya, 1989, no 44.
26. Pisma vo vlast. 1917—1927. Zayavleniya, zhaloby, donosy, pisma v gosudarstvennyye struktury i bolshevistskim vozhdyam / sost. А. Ya. Livshin, I. B. Orlov [Letters to power. 1917—1927. Applications, complaints, denunciations, letters to government agencies and the Bolshevik leaders, comp. by A. Ya. Livshin, I. B. Orlov]. Moscow, 1998. 664 p.
27. Pravda, 1918, 12 May.
28. Podshivalov I. Grazhdanskaya voyna na Urale. 1917—1918 gg. [The Civil War in the Urals. Of 1917—1918]. Moscow, 1925. 221 p.
29. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv sotsialno-politicheskoy istorii (RGASPI) [Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History]. F. 17. Op. 12. D. 254.
30. RGASPI. F. 158. Op. 1. D. 2.
31. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv ekonomiki (RGAE) [Russian State Archive of Economy]. F. 1943. Op. 3. D. 43.
32. RGAE. F. 1943. Op. 3. D. 264.
33. RGAE. F. 1943. Op. 3. D. 266.
34. Sidit Lenin na bereze, derzhit serp i molotok… Politicheskiye chastushki 20 veka [Lenin sits on the bank, holding a sickle and a hammer… Political limericks of the 20th century]. (In Russ.). Available at: http://hauptpostamt.livejournal.com/150935.html
35. Safonov D. A. Velikaya krestyanskaya voyna 1920—1921 gg. i Yuzhnyy Ural [Great Peasant War of 1920—1921 and the Southern Urals]. Оренбург, 1999. 314 с.
36. Safonov D. A., Labuzov V. A. Prodrazverstka 1916/1917 i 1919/1921 godov na Yuzhnom Urale: popytka retrospektivnogo analiza [Prodrazvyorstka 1916/1917 and 1919/1921 years in the Southern Urals: an attempt of retrospective analysis]. In: Trudy instituta krestyanovedeniya Yuzhnogo Urala [Proceedings of the Institute of Southern Urals peasantry studies]. Orenburg, 2003, pp. 159-177.
37. Strizhkov Yu. K. Prodovolstvennyye otryady v gody grazhdanskoy voyny i inostrannoy interventsii 1917—1921 gg. [Food troops during the Civil War and foreign intervention of 1917—1921]. Moscow, 1973. 319 p.
38. Khaziyev R. A. Voyennyy kommunizm i rynok na Urale: regionalnyy fenomen vyzhivaniya «oppozitsionnoy» ekonomiki [War Communism and the market in the Urals: regional phenomenon of the survival of “the opposition” Economy]. In: Ekonomicheskaya istoriya. Obozreniye / pod red. L. I. Borodkina [Economic History. Review, ed. by L. I. Borodkin]. Moscow, 2001, vol. 6, pp. 104-107.
39. Tsentr dokumentatsii noveychey istorii Orenburgskoy oblasti [Documentation Centre of the modern history of the Orenburg region]. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 155.
40. Nationalnyy arkhiv Respubliki Bashkortostan (NA RB) [National Archive of Bashkortostan]. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 103.
41. NA RB. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 105а.
42. NA RB. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 204.