Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal.2017. № 1 (21). P. 74—94
07.00.00 HISTORICAL SCIENCES AND ARCHEOLOGY
UDC 94(574/575)
Dubovikov Aleksandr Maratovich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
Volga State University of Service
PARTICIPANTS OF THE KHIVA CAMPAIGNS ABOUT CONTACTS WITH PEOPLE OF KHIVA AND KAZAKHS
Abstract
The article dwells on the actions of Russian troops during the Khivan campaigns and their contacts with the local population described by either direct participants or eyewitnesses. The number of witnesses being too great, the author has to limit himself to the most striking representatives such as M. I. Ivanin, M. A. Terentyev and A. P. Khoroshkhin – talented officers and experienced analysts. Among the materials used there are archival documents, writings of contemporaries (I. I. Zheleznov, V. I. Dal, М. P. Khoroshkhin N. G. Myakushin etc.), and materials of “Uralskiye voiskovye vedomosti” (the newspaper). They help to make some important conclusions. The South-Eastern outskirts of Russia were long subjected to raids, accompanied by bloody clashes. Cruelty took place on both sides, but Russians were less sophisticated. The customs and traditions of the local peoples and tribes had major differences, and the relationship between them was not trouble-free. Among the local nobles and their people there were many people who faithfully served Russia. After the capture of Khiva, the Khan was ready to serve Russia’s interests provided it protected him from his own subjects. The unrest that took place in the Kazakh steppe most likely was not the manifestation of the fight for national liberation but clan rivalry for power and influence. The nomadic population brought Russian authorities much more anxiety than sedentary one. The Turkmens (especially Yomud tribe) and the Kazakhs of Aday tribe showed their rebelliousness more than any other. Annexation of new lands and spread of Russian influence over them made Russian military be faithful in the performance of their duty and confident in the rightness of the cause. With rare exceptions their behavior bore no resemblance to the behavior of invaders; they quickly established productive relations with the population of the defeated khanates, especially in trade and economic spheres.
Key words
M. I. Ivanin, M. A. Terentyev, A. P. Khoroshkhin, V. A. Cooper, F. G. Bizyanov, K. P. Kaufman, N. A. Kryzhanovskiy, N. A. Verevkin, Baimukhammed Aychuvalov, Central Asia, the khanate of Khiva, the Turkmen, the Kazakhs, the Yomud people, the Aday people.
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