Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal. 2018. № 1(25). P. 9—24
03.00.00 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
UDC 591.54:591.521:598.841
Vengerov Petr Dmitrievich, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associated Professor
Voronezh State Pedagogical University
BREEDING ECOLOGY OF THE GREAT TIT (Parus major) IN THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION FOREST OUTLIER (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VORONEZH NATURE RESERVE)
Abstract
The ecology of the great tit (Parus major) was studied at the Voronezh Nature Reserve (50°21ʹ—52°02ʹ N, 39°21ʹ—39°47ʹ E) which is located in the forest steppe zone of the Russian plain. The density of breeding birds during the years of study varied from 30‒35 couples per 1 square kilometer in pine and alder forests up to 70‒80 in oak forests. The average date for the first song is February 1 (n = 76, Lim January 5 — February 28). The earlier start of singing is due to January thaw that has become a more frequent phenomenon in the last decades (a wellproved negative trend). During early and warm spring, egg-laying begins in the middle of April, whereas during late and cold spring it starts at the beginning of May. The egg-laying peak of the first clutch is averagely the last decade of April and of the second clutch is the end of May and the first half of June. The mean clutch size of the first nesting is 11,05±0,15 (n = 104, Lim 6—14), the size of the second nesting 8,43±0,36 (n = 28, Lim 3—12). The probability of an egg surviving to hatch is 75%, the nestling survival rate is 57.5%, the final breeding success of the first clutch equals to 43,1% (n = 104). The average nest-success rate is 54,4%, whereas the other nests get depredated, mainly by the forest dormice (Dryomys nitedula) and the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major). Embryonic mortality (from 1 to 5 dead eggs) was noted in 20 nests, which makes 19,8% of the total 101 nests in the first and second clutch. The average fledging from the first clutch is 5,43 nestlings (n = 90) in one breeding attempt including unsuccessful ones, and 4,96 nestlings (n = 24) from the second clutch. The average number of first clutch nestlings in the nests having survived depredation is 10,05±0,24 (n = 59, Lim 5—13). At the end of September and the beginning of October great tits migrate from the forest to wintering localities. Some of the birds migrate up to 500 km south-west to Sumy and Poltava regions of Ukraine. Reverse migration takes place in March and at the beginning of April. The population under study is characterized by high density and clutch size but is strongly affected by predators, which is partly compensated by low embryonic mortality and by a good survival rate of nestlings in the survived clutches.
Key words
Great tit (Parus major), breeding ecology, Voronezh reserve.
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Bibliography link to this article:
Vengerov P. D. Breeding ecology of the great tit (Parus major) in the Central Black Earth Region forest outlier (on the example of the Voronezh Nature Reserve). Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal, 2018, no. 1 (25), pp. 9—24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32516/2303-9922.2018.25.2.