Problems of implementing monetary reform of 1947 in the cities of Chelyabinsk region
Aleksandr A. Rukavishnikov,Postgraduate Student
Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia, alexander585@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-4932
Abstract
Based on new archival materials on the Chelyabinsk region, the article considers the mechanism for implementing the post-war monetary reform of 1947 at the regional level. In this aspect, the topic was studied for the first time. Materials of collections of published documents and statistics, central and local periodicals, sources of personal origin were used together with archival funds. In the course of the study, the reasons and goals of the monetary reform were revealed, public sentiments on the eve of the reform were characterized, the preparation and course of the reform were traced, and the first reaction of the population to the measures taken. The issues of violation of the law and abuse of power during the implementation of the reform were also touched upon. Despite all the costs, the confiscatory and contradictory nature of the reform, it was possible to improve the money circulation disturbed by the war and achieve financial stability.
Keywords
Late Stalinism, monetary reform, post-war reform, money exchange, public sentiment, speculation, economic crime, post-war USSR, Chelyabinsk region.
For citation:
Rukavishnikov A. A. Problems of implementing monetary reform of 1947 in the cities of Chelyabinsk region. Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal, 2023, no. 1 (45), pp. 142—153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32516/2303-9922.2023.45.9.
1. Gruzitskii Yu. Pervaya poslevoennaya reforma (k 65-letiyu denezhnoi reformy 1947 g.) [The first post-war reform (to the 65th anniversary of the monetary reform of 1947)]. Bankaўskі vesnіk, 2013. № 10/591. S. 56—62. (In Russian)
2. Kashin Yu. I. (comp.) Denezhnaya reforma 1947 goda v dokumentakh: podgotovka, provedenie i otsenka rezul’tatov [Monetary reform of 1947 in documents: preparation, implementation and evaluation of results]. Moscow, 2007. 120 p. (Po stranitsam arkhivnykh fondov Tsentral’nogo banka Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Iss. 3). (In Russian)
3. Denezhnaya reforma 1947 goda i ee rol’ v vosstanovlenii narodnogo khozyaistva SSSR: kollektivnaya monografiya [Monetary reform of 1947 and its role in the restoration of the national economy of the USSR. Collective monograph]. Moscow, KNORUS Publ., 2019. 322 p. (In Russian)
4. Zavadskaya E. Yu., Tsarevskaya T. V. (comp.) Denezhnaya reforma 1947 goda: reaktsiya naseleniya. Po dokumentam iz “Osobykh papok” Stalina [Monetary reform of 1947: the reaction of the population. According to documents from Stalin’s “Special Folders”]. Otechestvennaya istoriya, 1997, no. 6, pp. 134—140. (In Russian)
5. Dobrokhotov L. N., Kolodezhnyi V. N., Pushkarev V. S., Shepelev V. N. (comp.) Denezhnaya reforma v SSSR 1947 goda. Dokumenty i materialy [Monetary reform in the USSR in 1947. Documents and materials]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2010. 791 p. (Ekonomicheskaya istoriya. Dokumenty, issledovaniya, perevody). (In Russian)
6. Zverev A. G. Zapiski ministra [Minister’s Notes]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1973. 270 p. (In Russian)
7. Zubkova E. Yu. Poslevoennoe sovetskoe obshchestvo: politika i povsednevnost’. 1945—1953 [Post-war Soviet society: politics and everyday life. 1945—1953]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2000. 229 p. (In Russian)
8. Izvestiya, 1947. Dec. 15.
9. Isakova E. V. Istoriya denezhnykh reform Sovetskogo gosudarstva v dokumentakh RGAE [The History of the Monetary Reforms of the Soviet State in the Russian State Archive of Economics Documents]. Denezhnye reformy v Rossii: Istoriya i sovremennost’ [Monetary Reforms in Russia: History and Modernity]. Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche Publ., 2004, pp. 193—198. (In Russian)
10. Katasonov V. Yu. Ekonomika Stalina [Stalin’s economy]. Moscow, In-t russkoi tsivilizatsii, 2014. 416 p. (In Russian)
11. Magnitogorskii metall, 1947. Dec. 16.
12. Mamyachenkov V. N. Denezhnaya reforma dekabrya 1947 g. v Sverdlovskoi oblasti: maloizvestnye stranitsy [Monetary reform of December 1947 in the Sverdlovsk region: little-known pages]. Dokument. Arkhiv. Istoriya. Sovremennost’ [Document. Archive. History. Modernity]. 2008, is. 9, pp. 175—179. (In Russian)
13. Narodnoe khozyaistvo SSSR za 70 let. Yubileinyi stat. ezhegodnik [The national economy of the USSR for 70 years. Anniversary stat. yearbook]. Moscow, Finansy i statistika, 1987. 766 p. (In Russian)
14. Nikonorova T. N. Komissiya partiinogo kontrolya pri TsK VKP(b) (1934—1952 gg.) [The Party Control Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU, 1934—1952]. Rossiiskaya istoriya, 2015, no. 6, pp. 26—40. (In Russian)
15. Obshchestvo i vlast’. Rossiiskaya provintsiya. 1917—1985. Dokumenty i materialy (Permskii krai, Sverdlovskaya, Chelyabinskaya oblasti): v 6 t. T. 2. Obshchestvo i vlast’. Rossiiskaya provintsiya. 1946—1985. Chelyabinskaya oblast’. Dokumenty i materialy [Society and power. Russian province. 1917—1985. Documents and materials (Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions). In 6 volumes. Vol. 2. Society and power. Russian province. 1946—1985. Chelyabinsk region. Documents and materials]. Chelyabinsk, Kniga Publ., 2006. 487 p. (In Russian)
16. Ob’’edinennyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Chelyabinskoi oblasti [United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region] (OGAChO). F. P-288. Op. 11. D. 191.
17. OGAChO. F. P-288. Op. 12. D. 297.
18. OGAChO. F. R-804. Op. 15. D. 30а.
19. OGAChO. F. R-804. Op. 15. D. 34.
20. Paletskikh N. P. Bytovye aspekty povsednevnoi zhizni naseleniya Chelyabinska v usloviyakh Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Everyday aspects of the Chelyabinsk population way of life during the Great Patriotic War]. Vestnik Chelyabinskoi gosudarstvennoi agroinzhenernoi akademii, 2012, vol. 62, pp. 179—190. (In Russian)
21. Paletskikh N. P. Sotsial’naya politika i tylovaya povsednevnost’ na Yuzhnom Urale v period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Social policy and rear everyday life in the Southern Urals during the Great Patriotic War]. Gorokhovskie chteniya: sbornik materialov shestoi regional’noi muzeinoi konferentsii. 2015 [Gorokhov’s readings. A collection of materials from the sixth regional museum conference. 2015]. Chelyabinsk, Chelyab. gos. kraeved. Muzei Publ., 2015, pp. 320—326. (In Russian)
22. Paletskikh N. P. Sotsial’nye resursy i sotsial’naya politika na Urale v period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Social resources and social policy in the Urals during the Great Patriotic War]. Chelyabinsk, Chelyab. gos. agroinzhenernyi un-t Publ., 2007. 167 p. (In Russian)
23. Pass A. A., Potemkina M. N. Arkhivnye dokumenty Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhiva sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii kak istochnik izucheniya ekonomicheskoi prestupnosti v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny 1941—1945 gg. [Archival Documents from the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History as a Source for Studying Economic Crime in the Days of the Great Patriotic War]. Vestnik arkhivista — Herald of an Archivist, 2021, no. 4, pp. 1064—1075. DOI: 10.28995/2073-0101-2021-4-1064-1075. (In Russian)
24. Pravda, 1947, Dec. 15.
25. Repinetskii A. I. Realizatsiya denezhnoi reformy 1947 g. i reaktsiya naseleniya (na materialakh Kuibyshevskoi (Samarskoi) oblasti) [Implementation of the monetary reform of 1947 and the reaction of the population (on the materials of the Kuibyshev (Samara) region)]. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN — Izvestia of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 120—124. (In Russian)
26. Chernenko K. U., Smirtyukov M. S. (comp.) Resheniya partii i pravitel’stva po khozyaistvennym voprosam: v 5 t. T. 3. 1941—1952 gg. [Decisions of the party and government on economic issues. In 5 vols. Vol. 3. 1941—1952]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1968. 751 p. (In Russian)
27. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii [Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History]. F. 82. Op. 2. D. 788.
28. Rukavishnikov A. A. Meropriyatiya po preodoleniyu posledstvii Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny v finansovoi sfere (na materialakh Chelyabinskoi oblasti) [Measures to overcome the consequences of the Great Patriotic War in the financial sector (on the materials of the Chelyabinsk region)]. Resursnyi potentsial regiona na sluzhbe Otechestvu: K 100-letiyu Udmurtskoi Respubliki i 75-letiyu Pobedy v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine [Resource potential of the region in the service of the Fatherland: To the 100th anniversary of the Udmurt Republic and the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War]. Izhevsk, Izdat. tsentr “Udmurtskii universitet” Publ., 2020, pp. 246—255. (In Russian)
29. Rukavishnikov A. A. Reshenie problemy izbytochnoi denezhnoi massy v khode poslevoennoi reformy 1947 g. v SSSR: sposoby i effektivnost’ [Solving the problem of excess money supply during the post-war reform of 1947 in the USSR: methods and effectiveness]. Ekonomicheskaya istoriya — Economic History, 2022, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 201—210. DOI: 10.15507/2409-630X.058.018.202203.201-210. (In Russian)
30. Zubkova E. Yu., Kosheleva L. P., Kuznetsova G. A., Minyuk A. I., Rogovaya L. A. (comp.). Sovetskaya zhizn’ 1945—1953 [Soviet life. 1945—1953]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2003. 720 p. (Dokumenty sovetskoi istorii). (In Russian)
31. Spitsyn E. Yu. Rossiya — Sovetskii Soyuz 1946—1991 gg.: Polnyi kurs istorii dlya uchitelei, prepodavatelei i studentov: v 4 t. T. 4 [Russia — the Soviet Union 1946—1991: A complete history course for teachers, professors and students. In 4 vols. Vol. 4]. Moscow, Kontseptual Publ., 2015. 512 p. (In Russian)
32. Starikov N. V. Natsionalizatsiya rublya — put’ k svobode Rossii [Nationalization of the ruble — the path to the freedom of Russia]. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2011. 336 p. (In Russian)
33. Sushkov A. V. Vlast’ i korruptsiya: privilegirovannaya zhizn’ “chelyabinskikh vozhdei” vo vtoroi polovine 1940-kh godov [Power and corruption: the “Chelyabinsk leaders” privileged life in the second half of the 1940s]. Noveishaya istoriya Rossii — Modern History of Russia, 2018, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 99—115. (In Russian)
34. Tarasov V. D. Dnevnik [Diary]. Prozhito. Lichnye istorii v elektronnom korpuse dnevnikov i vospominanii [Lived. Personal stories in the electronic corpus of diaries and memoirs]. Available at: https://prozhito.org/notes?date=%221947-12-05%22&dateTop=%221947-12-05%22&diaries=%5B3723%5D. Accessed: 01.09.2022. (In Russian)
35. Khisamutdinova R. R. Provedenie denezhnoi reformy i otmena kartochnoi sistemy v 1947 godu (na materialakh Chkalovskoi (Orenburgskoi) oblasti) [Monetary reform and abolition of rationing system in 1947 (on the materials of Chkalov (Orenburg) region)]. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Elektronnyi nauchnyi zhurnal — Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal, 2014, no. 2 (10), pp. 149—160. Available at: http://vestospu.ru/archive/2014/articles/22_10_2014.pdf. (In Russian)