National operations of the NKVD in 1937—1938. Historiography issues
Alexander S. Lubnin, Postgraduate Student
Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia, aleksandr.lubnin@inbox.ru, https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3695-396X
Abstract
The article examines the historiography of the national operations of the NKVD that took place in the USSR from July 1937 to November 1938. Based on the studied books, monographs and articles, the author concludes that the first publications on the topic of the national operations of the NKVD were published in the late 1980s — 1990s, and the latest ones — in the late 2010s — early 2020s. The author also notes the presence in the list of publications of both domestic and foreign researchers — representatives of a wide range of scientific thought. In addition, the author emphasizes the fact that most of the publications studied negatively assess the role and significance of the national operations of the NKVD for the history of the USSR. At the same time, the author highlights the presence of works with a directly opposite assessment of those events.
Keywords
USSR, NKVD, national operations, repressions, historiography, 1937—1938.
For citation:
Lubnin A. S. National operations of the NKVD in 1937—1938. Historiography issues. Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal, 2025, no. 3 (55), pp. 117—136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32516/2303-9922.2025.55.8.
1. Ablazhei N. N. S vostoka na vostok: Rossiiskaya emigratsiya v Kitae [From East to East: Russian emigration in China]. Novosibirsk, SO RAN Publ., 2007. 300 p. (In Russian)
2. Ablazhei N. N. “Kharbinskaya operatsiya” NKVD v 1937—1938 gg. [The Kharbin operation of NKVD in 1937—1938]. Gumanitarnye nauki v Sibiri — Humanitarian Sciences in Siberia, 2008, no. 2, pp. 80—85. (In Russian)
3. Ablazhei N. N., Potapova N. A. Repressivnaya politika kak instrument resheniya “kitaiskogo voprosa” v SSSR v 1930-e gg. [Repressive policy as a tool of resolving the “Chinese Issue” in the USSR in the 1930s]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Ser. Istoriya Rossii — RUDN Journal of Russian History, 2023, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 125—128. DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-1-125-138. (In Russian)
4. Baberovski I. Krasnyi terror: Istoriya stalinizma [Red Terror: The history of Stalinism]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2007. 278 p. (In Russian)
5. Baron N. Vlast’ i prostranstvo: avtonomnaya Kareliya v Sovetskom gosudarstve, 1920—1939 [Power and space: Autonomous Karelia in the Soviet State, 1920—1939]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2011. 398 p. (In Russian)
6. Bartoshek K., Vert N., Kurtua S., Margolin Zh.-L., Panne Zh.-L., Pachkovskii A. Chernaya kniga kommunizma: prestupleniya, terror, repressii [The Black Book of communism: crimes, terror, repression]. Moscow, Tri veka istorii Publ., 2001. 780 p. (In Russian)
7. Belkovets L. P. “Bol’shoi terror” i sud’ba nemetskoi derevni v Sibiri (konets 1920-kh — 1930-e gody) [The “Great Terror” and the fate of a German village in Siberia (late 1920s — 1930s)]. Moscow, Literaturnoe agentstvo “Varyag” Publ., 1995. 318 p. (In Russian)
8. Bogatikova E. V., Romantsov V. N. “Grets’ka operatsіya” 1937—1938 rr. u Pіvnіchnomu Priazov’ї: іstorіografіya problemi [The “Greek Operation” of 1937—1938 in the Northern Azov region: historiography of the problem]. Vіsnik Marіupol’s’kogo derzhavnogo unіversitetu. Ser. Іstorіya. Polіtologіya, 2012, no. 3, pp. 30—38. (In Ukrainian)
9. Bol’shevistskii poryadok v Gruzii. T. 2: Dokumenty i statistika [Bolshevik order in Georgia. Vol. 2: Documents and statistics]. Moscow, AIRO-XXI Publ., 2015. 656 p. (In Russian)
10. Bordyugov G. A., Binner R., Yunge M. Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora. Istoriya operatsii po prikazu NKVD № 00447 [The vertical of the Great Terror. History of operation by order of the NKVD No. 00447]. Moscow, Novyi Khronograf Publ., 2008. 784 p. (In Russian)
11. Bugai N. F., Kotsonis A. N. “Obyazat’ NKVD SSSR… vyselit’ grekov”: (O deportatsii grekov v 1930—1950 gg.) [“Obligate the NKVD of the USSR… to evict the Greeks”: (On the deportation of Greeks in the 1930s—1950s)]. Moscow, INSAN Publ., 1999. 159 p. (In Russian)
12. But A. N., Dobrov P. V., Nikol’skii V. N., Shevchenko V. A. Kniga pamyati grekov Ukrainy [Book of memory of the Greeks of Ukraine]. Donetsk, Region Publ., 2005. 336 p. (In Russian)
13. Vatlin Yu. A. “Nu i nechist’”. Nemetskaya operatsiya NKVD v Moskve i Moskovskoi oblasti 1936—1941 gg. [“Well, what evil spirits”. German operation of the NKVD in Moscow and the Moscow region 1936—1941]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2012. 342 p. (In Russian)
14. Verkhoglyadov V. N. 1937: Dnevnik Vasiliya Gradusova [1937: Diary of Vasily Gradusov]. Ikh nazyvali KR: Repressii v Karelii 20—30-kh godov [They were called KR: Repressions in Karelia in the 20—30s]. Petrozavodsk, Kareliya Publ., 1992, pp. 253—289. (In Russian)
15. Geier M., Fitspatrik Sh. Za ramkami totalitarizma. Sravnitel’nye issledovaniya stalinizma i natsizma [Beyond totalitarianism. Comparative studies of Stalinism and Nazism]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2011. 679 p. (In Russian)
16. Gerberg A. K voprosu o repressiyakh latviiskogo naseleniya v SSSR v 1937—1938 gg. [About repressions of the Latvian population in the USSR in 1937—1938]. Latyshi i belorusy: vmeste skvoz’ veka: sb. nauch. statei [Latvians and Belarusians: together through the centuries. Сollect. of sci. articles]. Minsk, 2019, is. 8, pp. 75—85. (In Russian)
17. German A. A. Repressii kak neot’’emlemyi element politiki bol’shevistskogo rezhima po otnosheniyu k rossiiskim nemtsam [Repression as an integral element of the policy of the Bolshevik regime towards Russian Germans]. Repressii protiv rossiiskikh nemtsev. Nakazannyi narod: (sbornik materialov konf.) [Repressions against Russian Germans. The punished people. Collect. of materials from the conf.]. Moscow, Zven’ya Publ., 1999, pp. 17—26. (In Russian)
18. Goldman V. Terror i demokratiya v epokhu Stalina. Sotsial’naya dinamika repressii [Terror and democracy in the Stalin era. Social dynamics of repressions]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2010. 335 p. (In Russian)
19. Golubev V. Latyshi i organy gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti v 20—30-e gody XX veka na territorii BSSR i SSSR [Latvians and the state security structure in 20th — 30th of the XX century in the territory BSSR and USSR]. Latyshi i belorusy: vmeste skvoz’ veka: sb. nauch. statei [Latvians and Belarusians: together through the centuries. Сollect. of sci. articles]. Minsk, RIVSh Publ., 2016, is. 5, pp. 60—68. (In Russian)
20. Grebenshchikova I. V. Pravovye osnovy provedeniya massovykh repressii po “natsional’nym” operatsiyam v 1937—1938 gg. [The legal basis for conducting mass repressions of “national” operations in 1937—1938]. Teoriya i praktika mirovoi nauki, 2020, no. 2, pp. 55—60. (In Russian)
21. GULAG. Glavnoe upravlenie lagerei 1918—1960: sb. [GULAG. Main Administration of Camps 1918—1960. Collect.]. Moscow, MFD Publ., 2000. 888 p. (In Russian)
22. Danilov V. P. Stalinizm i sovetskoe obshchestvo [Stalinism and Soviet society]. Voprosy istorii, 2004, no. 2, pp. 169—175. (In Russian)
23. Denningkhaus V. “V teni “Bol’shogo Brata”: Zapadnye natsional’nye men’shinstva v SSSR (1917—1938 gg.) [“In the Shadow of Big Brother”: Western national minorities in the USSR (1917—1938)]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2011. 727 p. (In Russian)
24. Denningkhaus V. Likvidatsiya pyatoi kolonny v SSSR (1937—1938 gg.) [Liquidation of the fifth column in the USSR (1937—1938)]. Bylye gody, 2012, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 63—75. (In Russian)
25. Dzhukha I. G. Grecheskaya operatsiya [Greek Operation]. St. Petersburg, Aleteiya Publ., 2006. 408 p. (In Russian)
26. Dzhukha I. G. Kak eto bylo na Kubani: repressii protiv grekov Krasnodarskogo kraya [How it was in Kuban: repressions against Greeks of Krasnodar Krai]. St. Petersburg, Aleteiya Publ., 2013. 185 p. (In Russian)
27. Dzhukha I. G. Kniga Pamyati grekov (urozhentsev i zhitelei Krasnodarskogo kraya) [Book of Memory of Greeks (natives and residents of Krasnodar Krai)]. St. Petersburg, Aleteiya Publ., 2013. 575 p. (In Russian)
28. Dzhukha I. G. “Pishu svoimi slovami…”: Istoriya repressii protiv grekov v SSSR. Pis’ma iz GULAGa. 1920—1950 [“I write in my own words…”. The history of repressions against Greeks in the USSR. Letters from the GULAG. 1920—1950]. St. Petersburg, Aleteiya Publ., 2009. 347 p. (In Russian)
29. Dzhukha I. G. Stoyal pozadi Parfenon, lezhal vperedi Magadan. Istoriya repressii protiv grekov v SSSR: greki na Kolyme [The Parthenon stood behind, Magadan lay ahead. The history of repressions against Greeks in the USSR: Greeks in Kolyma]. St. Petersburg, Aleteiya Publ., 2010. 261 p. (In Russian)
30. Dzhukha I. G. “Tak bylo, ya svidetel’…”. Istoriya repressii protii grekov 1920—1950 gg. Vospominaniya [“That’s how it was, I am a witness…”. The history of repressions against Greeks in the 1920—1950s. Memories]. St. Petersburg, Aleteiya Publ., 2012. 575 p. (In Russian)
31. Direktiva NKVD SSSR № 50215 ot 11 dekabrya 1937 goda “Grecheskaya operatsiya NKVD” [Directive of the NKVD of the USSR No. 50215 of Dec. 11, 1937 “Greek Operation of the NKVD”]. Available at: https://bessmertnybarak.ru/article/direktiva_nkvd_sssr_50215/. Accessed: 01.02.2025. (In Russian)
32. Dneprovets A. Ezhovshchina. Zabyt’ nel’zya… [Yezhovshchina. We can’t forget…]. Munich, Tipografiya TsOPE Publ., 1958. 58 p. (In Russian)
33. Eroputova N. K. Analiz arkhivno-sledstvennykh del repressirovannykh grekov v Stalinskoi oblasti (1937—1938 gg.): politiko-pravovoi kontekst [Analysis of the archives-investigations cases of repressed Greeks in the Stalin region (1937—1938): political-legal context]. Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl’ — Modern Scientific Thought, 2017, no. 4, pp. 76—82. (In Russian)
34. Zharavin V. S., Chudinovskikh E. N. Byt’ polyakom — eto… sud’ba [To be a Pole is... a destiny]. Kirov, Vesi Publ., 2013. 357 p. (In Russian)
35. Zhdanova G. D. Dokumenty Arkhivnogo fonda Altaiskogo kraya kak istochnik dlya izucheniya natsional’nykh operatsii NKVD SSSR (1937—1938 gg.) [Documents of the Archival Fund of the Altai Territory as a source for studying the national operations of the NKVD of the USSR (1937—1938)]. Otechestvennye arkhivy, 2009, no. 6, pp. 67—74. (In Russian)
36. Zhdanova G. D. Politicheskie repressii na Altae 1919—1938 gg.: istoriko-statisticheskoe issledovanie [Political repressions in Altai 1919—1938: historical and statistical study]. Barnaul, AZBUKA Publ., 2015. 255 p. (In Russian)
37. Zhemkova E. A., Roginskii A. B. Mezhdu sochuvstviem i ravnodushiem — reabilitatsiya zhertv sovetskikh repressii [Between sympathy and indifference — rehabilitation of victims of Soviet repressions]. Available at: https://www.memo.ru/media/uploads/2017/08/22/mezhdu-sochuvstviem-i-ravnodushuem_reabilitacia-zhertv-sovetskikh-repressiy.pdf. Accessed: 29.01.2025. (In Russian)
38. Zdanovich A. A. Pol’skii krest sovetskoi kontrrazvedki [Polish Cross of Soviet counterintelligence]. Moscow, Yauza Publ., 2017. 498 p. (In Russian)
39. Zemskov V. N. Masshtab politicheskikh repressii v SSSR (pravda i domysly) [The scale of political repressions in the USSR (truth and fiction)]. Trudy Instituta rossiiskoi istorii, 2012, no. 10, pp. 303—318. (In Russian)
40. Ivanov N. Pol’skoe gosudarstvo i “pol’skaya operatsiya” NKVD 1937—1938 gg. [The Polish state and the NKVD “Polish operation” of 1937—1938]. Institut natsional’noi pamyati i Tsentr pol’sko-rossiiskogo dialoga i soglasiya [Institute of National Remembrance and the Center for Polish-Russian Dialogue and Accord]. Varshava. Available at: https://www.operacja-polska.pl/nkr/o-operacji-polskiej-nkw/artykuly/976,19371938.html. Accessed: 29.01.2025. (In Russian)
41. Istoriya i etnografiya nemtsev v Sibiri [History and ethnography of Germans in Siberia]. Omsk, OGIK Publ., 2009. 752 p. (In Russian)
42. Istoriya stalinskogo Gulaga. Konets 1920-kh — pervaya polovina 1950-kh godov: sobr. dokumentov: v 7 t. T. 1 [History of Stalin’s Gulag. Late 1920s — first half of the 1950s. Collect. of documents. In 7 vols. Vol. 1]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2004. 728 p. (In Russian)
43. Kan A., Saiers M. Tainaya voina protiv Sovetskoi Rossii [The secret war against Soviet Russia]. Moscow, GIIL Publ., 1947. 482 p. (In Russian)
44. Kashu I. Klassovyi vrag. Politicheskie repressii, nasilie i soprotivlenie v Moldavskoi ASSR [Class enemy. Political repression, violence and resistance in the Moldavian ASSR]. Kishinev, CARTIER Publ., 2015. 387 p. (In Russian)
45. Kashu I. “Chistka” sotrudnikov NKVD Moldavskoi ASSR posle Bol’shogo terrora 1937—1938 gg.: delo Ivana Tarasovicha Shirokogo-Maiskogo [“Purge” of NKVD employees of the Moldavian ASSR after the Great Terror of 1937—1938: the case of Ivan Tarasovich Shiroky-Maisky]. Chekisty na skam’e podsudimykh: sb. statei [Chekists in the dock. Collect. of articles]. Moscow, Probel-2000 Publ., 2017, pp. 596—631. (In Russian)
46. Kodin E. V. Bol’shoi terror na Smolenshchine: natsional’nye operatsii, 1937—1938 gody [The great terror in Smolensk region: national operations, 1937—1938]. Izvestiya Smolenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta — Izvestia of Smolensk State University, 2010, no. 4 (12), pp. 301—329. (In Russian)
47. Kozitskaya E. V. General sovetskoi i pol’skoi armii O. A. Stetsa. Maloizvestnye stranitsy biografii [General of the Soviet and Polish Army O. A. Stetsa. Little-known pages of the biography]. Transformatsiya prava v informatsionnom obshchestve: materialy III Vseros. nauch.-prakt. foruma molodykh uchenykh i studentov [Transformation of law in the information society. Proceed. of the III All-Russia sci. and pract. forum of young scientists and students]. Yekaterinburg, Ural’skii gos. yurid. un-t Publ., 2020, pp. 69—72. (In Russian)
48. Koldushko A. A. “Arestovan soglasno ustanovke oblasti kak po natsional’nosti nemets”: repressii protiv nemtsev-trudposelentsev Prikam’ya v 1937—1938 gg. [“Arrested according to region guideline as ethnic German”: repressions against Germans — labour deportees of Kama district in 1937—1938]. Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki — Historical, Philosophical, Political and Law Sciences, Culturology and Study of Art. Theory & Practice, 2014, no. 1 (39), pp. 105—109. (In Russian)
49. Konkvest R. Bol’shoi terror [The Great Terror]. Riga, Rakstnieks Publ., 1991. 428 p. (In Russian)
50. Krivenko S. V., Prudovskii S. B. Statistika natsional’nykh operatsii NKVD 1937—1938 godov [Statistics of national operations of the NKVD in 1937—1938]. Available at: https://lib.memo.ru/media/book/27344.pdf. Accessed: 29.01.2025. (In Russian)
51. Kropachev S. A., Selitskii A. I. Martirolog polyakov na Kubani [Martyrology of the Poles in Kuban]. Maikop, Poligraf-YuG Publ., 2016. 217 p. (In Russian)
52. Kuvshinova E. E. Deyatel’nost’ latyshskikh kul’turnykh ob’’edinenii Moskvy v politicheskikh usloviyakh 1915—1938 gg. [Activity of the Latvian cultural associations in Moscow in the political conditions of 1915—1938]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gorodskogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Ser. Istoricheskie nauki, 2022, no. 1 (45), pp. 75—90. DOI: 10.25688/20-76-9105.2022.45.1.06. (In Russian)
53. Kuznetsov D. V. “Arestu podlezhat vse”: politicheskie repressii v SSSR i sud’ba tak nazyvaemykh “kharbintsev” [“All are subject to be arrested”: political repressions in the USSR and the fate of the so-called “Harbin”]. Problemy Dal’nego Vostoka — Far Eastern Studies, 2015, no. 3, pp. 136—146. (In Russian)
54. Kurmyshov V. M., Mil’bakh V. S. Sud’ba komkora Ya. P. Gailita (k voprosu o sushchestvovanii v Krasnoi armii v 1930-kh gg. antisovetskikh natsionalisticheskikh organizatsii) [The fate of komkor Ya. P. Gailit. (On the question of the existence of anti-Soviet nationalist organizations in the Red Army in the 1930s)]. Istoriya povsednevnosti — History of Everyday Life, 2022, no. 4, pp. 154—168. DOI: 35231/25422375_2022_4_154. (In Russian)
55. Lubyanka. Stalin i Glavnoe upravlenie gosbezopasnosti NKVD. 1937—1938: (sbornik) [Lubyanka. Stalin and the Main Directorate of State Security NKVD. 1937—1938. (Collection)]. Moscow, MFD Publ., 2004. 738 p. (In Russian)
56. Motrevich V. P. Istochniki po istorii repressii protiv polyakov i pol’skikh grazhdan na Srednem Urale [Sources on the history of repressions against Poles and Polish citizens in the Middle Urals]. Katorga i ssylka na Severe Rossii [Penal servitude and exile in the North of Russia]. Arkhangelsk, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 283—285. (In Russian)
57. Motrevich V. P. Nemetskoe naselenie Urala nakanune Vtoroi mirovoi voiny [The German population of the Urals on the eve of World War II]. Dva s polovinoi veka s Rossiei (k 250-letiyu nachala massovogo pereseleniya nemtsev v Rossiyu): materialy 4-i mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. [Two and a half centuries with Russia (on the 250th anniversary of the beginning of the mass migration of Germans to Russia). Proceed. of the 4th Internat. sci.-pract. conf.]. Moscow, MSNK-press Publ., 2013, pp. 406—408. (In Russian)
58. Motrevich V. P. Osuzhdennye urozhenki Germanii v Sverdlovskoi oblasti (po materialam arkhivno-sledstvennykh del) [Convicted German-born women in the Sverdlovsk region (based on archival and investigative files)]. Zhenshchiny i muzhchiny v migratsionnykh protsessakh proshlogo i nastoyashchego: materialy XII Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. Ros. assotsiatsii issledovatelei zhenskoi istorii i In-ta etnologii i antropologii im. N. N. Miklukho-Maklaya RAN [Women and men in migration processes of the past and present. Proceed. of the XII Internat. sci. conf. Russian Association of Women’s History Researchers and the N. N. Miklouho-Maclay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. Kaliningrad, Baltiiskii federal’nyi un-t im. I. Kanta Publ., 2019, pp. 175—178. (In Russian)
59. Motrevich V. P. Politemigranty iz Germanii v Sverdlovskoi oblasti (po materialam arkhivno-sledstvennykh del) [Political emigrants from Germany in the Sverdlovsk region (based on materials from archival and investigative files)]. Ezhegodnik Mezhdunarodnoi assotsiatsii issledovatelei istorii i kul’tury rossiiskikh nemtsev [Yearbook of the International Association of Researchers of the History and Culture of Russian Germans]. 2020, no. 2 (8), pp. 148—156. DOI: 10.33466-2020-8-2-148-156. (In Russian)
60. Motrevich V. P. Sud’by ostavshikhsya v SSSR voennoplennykh Pervoi mirovoi voiny (po materialam arkhivno-sledstvennykh del GAAOSO) [Destinies of the prisoners of World War I who remained in the USSR (based on the materials from the SAAASR archives)]. Elektronnoe prilozhenie k “Rossiiskomu yuridicheskomu zhurnalu” — Electronic supplement to “Russian Juridical Journal”, 2019, no. 3, pp. 83—91. DOI: 10.34076/2219-6838-2019-3-83-91. (In Russian)
61. Motrevich V. P., Chevardin A. V. Pol’skoe naselenie Srednego Urala v 1940-e gg. Sostoyanie istochnikovoi bazy [Polish population of the Middle Urals in the 1940s. The state of the source base]. Obshchestvo i voina: materialy dokl. mezhdunar. nauch. seminara [Society and war. Proceed. of the Internat. sci. seminar]. Yekaterinburg, Ural’skii gos. un-t Publ., 2010, pp. 127—133. (In Russian)
62. Nikol’skii V. N. Politicheskie repressii 1937—1938 gg. na Donetchine v kolichestvennykh izmereniyakh [Political repressions of 1937—1938 in Donetsk region in quantitative terms]. Zhurnal rossiiskikh i vostochnoevropeiskikh istoricheskikh issledovanii, 2018, no. 15, pp. 48—84. DOI: 10.24411/2409-1413-2018-00045. (In Russian)
63. Okhotin N. G., Roginskii A. B. Iz istorii “nemetskoi operatsii” NKVD 1937—1938 gg. [From the history of the “German operation” of the NKVD 1937—1938]. Repressii protiv rossiiskikh nemtsev. Nakazannyi narod: sbornik materialov konf. [Repressions against Russian Germans. The Punished people. Collection of materials of the conf.)]. Moscow, Zven’ya Publ., 1999, pp. 35—75. (In Russian)
64. Perelygina I. I. Pol’skaya operatsiya NKVD v Sverdlovskoi oblasti v biografiyakh ee zhertv [The Polish operation of the NKVD in the Sverdlovsk region in the biographies of its victims]. Evolyutsiya rossiiskogo prava: materialy XVII zaochnoi mezhdunar. nauch. konf. molodykh uchenykh i studentov [Evolution of Russian law. Proceed. of the XVII correspondence Internat. sci. conf. of young scientists and students]. Yekaterinburg, Ural’skii gos. yurid. un-t Publ., 2020, pp. 44—45. (In Russian)
65. Petrov N. V. “Pol’skaya operatsiya” NKVD v kontekste “Bol’shogo terrora” 1937—38 gg. [“Polish operation” of the NKVD in the context of the “Great Terror” of 1937—38]. Institut natsional’noi pamyati i Tsentr pol’sko-rossiiskogo dialoga i soglasiya [Institute of National Remembrance and the Center for Polish-Russian Dialogue and Accord.]. Available at: https://www.operacja-polska.pl/nkr/o-operacji-polskiej-nkw/artykuly/1019,193738.html. Accessed: 29.01.2025. (In Russian)
66. Petrov N. V., Yassen K. Stalinskii pitomets — Nikolai Ezhov [Stalin’s fosterling — Nikolai Yezhov]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2009. 466 p. (In Russian)
67. Potapova N. A. Delo Sibirskogo soyuza Dal’nevostochnikov kak nachalo “kharbinskoi” operatsii NKVD SSSR v Altaiskom krae [The case of the “Siberian Union of the Far Easterners” as the beginning of the “Harbinian” operation of the USSR NKVD in the Altai territory]. Izvestiya Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta — Izvestiya of Altai State University, 2018, no. 2 (100), pp. 67—71. DOI: 10.14258/izvasu(2018)2-10. (In Russian)
68. Potapova N. A. Koreiskaya diaspora v SSSR v 1930-e gody [The Korean diaspora in the USSR in the 1930s]. Vestnik Evraziiskogo natsional’nogo universiteta imeni L. N. Gumileva. Ser. Istoricheskie nauki. Filosofiya. Religiovedenie — Bulletin of the L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Ser. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religious Studies, 2021, no. 2 (135), pp. 48—62. DOI: 10.32523/2616-7255-2021-135-2-48-62. (In Russian)
69. Potapova N. A. “Kharbinskaya” operatsiya v Ukraine (sentyabr’ 1937 — noyabr’ 1938 g.) [“Harbin” operation in Ukraine (September 1937 — November 1938)]. Aktual’nye problemy istoricheskikh issledovanii: vzglyad molodykh uchenykh: sbornik materialov Vseros. molodezhnoi nauch. shkoly-konferentsii [Current issues of historical research. The view of young scientists. Proceed. of the All-Russia youth scientific school-conference]. Novosibirsk, IPTs NGU Publ., Institut istorii SO RAN Publ., 2017, pp. 209—220. (In Russian)
70. Potapova N. A. “Kharbinskaya” operatsiya NKVD SSSR (sentyabr’ 1937 — noyabr’ 1938 g.) v Krasnoyarskom krae: obshchee i osobennoe v organizatsii i provedenii repressivnoi aktsii [The “Harbinian operation” of the USSR NKVD (September 1937 — November 1938) in the Krasnoyarsk territory: general and special in the organization and conduct of repressive campaign]. Istoricheskii kur’er — Historical Courier, 2019, no. 1 (3), art. 6. DOI: 10.31518/2618-9100-2019-1-6. (In Russian)
71. Potapova N. A. “Kharbinskaya” operatsiya NKVD SSSR 1937—1938 gg.: mekhanizmy, tselevye gruppy i masshtaby repressii [“Harbin” operation of the NKVD of the USSR 1937—1938: mechanisms, target groups and scale of repressions]. St. Petersburg, Aleteiya Publ., 2020. 252 p. (In Russian)
72. Reabilitatsiya: kak eto bylo. T. 3: Seredina 80-kh godov — 1991: dokumenty Politbyuro TsK KPSS, stenogrammy zasedaniya Komissii Politbyuro TsK KPSS po dopolnitel’nomu izucheniyu materialov, svyazannykh s repressiyami, imevshimi mesto v period 30—40-kh i nachala 50-kh godov, i drugie materialy [Rehabilitation: How it was. Vol. 3: Mid-1980s — 1991. Documents of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, transcripts of the meeting of the Commission of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee for additional study of materials related to the repressions that took place in the 1930s—1940s and early 1950s, and other materials]. Moscow, MFD Publ., Materik Publ., 2004. 717 p. (In Russian)
73. Repressii v Arkhangel’ske 1937—1938. Dokumenty i materialy [Repressions in Arkhangelsk 1937—1938. Documents and materials]. Arkhangelsk, Pomorskii gos. un-t Publ., 1999. 272 p. (In Russian)
74. Repressii protiv polyakov i pol’skikh grazhdan: (sb.) [Repressions against Poles and Polish citizens: Сollect.]. Moscow, Zven’ya Publ., 1997. 247, [9] p. (In Russian)
75. Rogovin V. Z. Partiya rasstrelyannykh [Party of the shot]. Moscow, Moskovskaya tipografiya № 3 RAN Publ., 1997. 271 p. (In Russian)
76. Samuel’son L., Khaustov V. N. Stalin, NKVD i repressii 1936—1938 gg. [Stalin, the NKVD and the repressions of 1936—1938]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2009. 430 p. (In Russian)
77. Stepanov M. G. Bol’shoi terror v SSSR (1937—1938 gg.): problemy kontseptual’nogo osmysleniya v sovremennoi rossiiskoi istoriografii [“Great terror” in the USSR (1937—1938): problems of conceptual understanding in the modern Russian historiography]. Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki — Historical, Philosophical, Political and Law Sciences, Culturology and Study of Art. Issues of Theory and Practice, 2013, no. 8 (34), part 2, pp. 179—181. (In Russian)
78. Takala I. R. Bol’shoi terror v Karelii [The great terror in Karelia]. Al’manakh severoevropeiskikh i baltiiskikh issledovanii — Nordic and Baltic Studies Review, 2018, no. 3, pp. 143—198. DOI: 10.15393/j103.art.2018.1066. (In Russian)
79. Takala I. R. Natsional’nye operatsii OGPU/NKVD v Karelii [National operations of the OGPU/NKVD in Karelia]. V sem’e edinoi: Natsional’naya politika partii bol’shevikov i ee osushchestvlenie na Severo-Zapade Rossii v 20—50-e gody [In a united family. National policy of the Bolshevik party and its implementation in the North-West of Russia in the 1920s—1950s]. Petrozavodsk, Petrozavodskii un-t Publ., 1998, pp. 161—206. (In Russian)
80. Takala I. R. Repressivnaya politika v otnoshenii finnov v sovetskoi Karelii 30-kh gg. [Repressive policy towards Finns in Soviet Karelia in the 1930s]. Voprosy istorii Evropeiskogo Severa, 1993, no. 1, pp. 145—158. (In Russian)
81. Takala I. R. Repressii v Kondopoge [Repressions in Kondopoga]. Kondopozhskii krai v istorii Karelii i Rossii: materialy III kraeved. chtenii, posvyashch. pamyati S. V. Shezhemskogo (7—8 apr. 2000 g.) [Kondopoga region in the History of Karelia and Russia. Proceed. of the III Regional studies readings, dedicated to the memory of S. V. Shezhemsky (Apr. 7—8, 2000)]. Petrozavodsk, Issled. tsentr “Russkii Sever” Publ., 2000, pp. 217—222. (In Russian)
82. Takala I. R. Finny v Karelii i v Rossii: istoriya vozniknoveniya i gibeli diaspory [Finns in Karelia and in Russia. History of the origin and death of the diaspora]. St. Petersburg, Zvezda Publ., 2002. 172 p. (In Russian)
83. Tragediya sovetskoi derevni. Kollektivizatsiya i raskulachivanie. Dokumenty i materialy. T. 5: v 2 kn. [The tragedy of the Soviet village. Collectivization and dispossession. Documents and materials. Vol. 5. In 2 books]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2004—2006. (In Russian)
84. Trubin A. M. Taina kvartala № 22 [The Secret of Quarter No. 22]. Ikh nazyvali KR: Repressii v Karelii 20—30-kh gg.: sbornik [They were called KR. Repressions in Karelia in the 1920s and 1930s. Collect.]. Petrozavodsk, Kareliya Publ., 1992, pp. 301—302. (In Russian)
85. Khanevich V. A. “Pol’skaya operatsiya” NKVD v kontekste zhitelei pol’skogo sela Belostok v Tomsko-Narymskom regione Zapadnoi Sibiri [The “Polish Operation” of the NKVD in the context of the residents of the Polish village of Bialystok in the Tomsk-Narym region of Western Siberia]. Institut natsional’noi pamyati i Tsentr pol’sko-rossiiskogo dialoga i soglasiya [Institute of National Remembrance and the Center for Polish-Russian Dialogue and Accord]. Available at: https://operacja-polska.pl/nkr/o-operacji-polskiej-nkw/artykuly/1020,-.html. Accessed: 29.01.2025. (In Russian)
86. Khaustov V. N. Iz predystorii massovykh repressii protiv polyakov. Seredina 1930-kh gg. [From the prehistory of mass repressions against Poles. Mid-1930s]. Repressii protiv polyakov i pol’skikh grazhdan [Repressions against Poles and Polish citizens]. Moscow, Zven’ya Publ., 1997, pp. 10—21. (In Russian)
87. Khlevnyuk O. V. Bol’shoi terror [The Great Terror]. Zhivaya istoriya, 2017, no. 2, pp. 56—65. (In Russian)
88. Chevardin A. V. K voprosu o sushchestvovanii na Urale “Pol’skoi voennoi organizatsii” (POV) v 1930-e gg. [On the question of the existence of the “Polish Military Organization” (POV) in the Urals in the 1930s]. Ural industrial’nyi. Bakuninskie chteniya: materialy V regional’noi nauch. konf. [Industrial Urals. Bakunin readings. Proceed. of the V Regional sci. conf.]. Yekaterinburg, Gumanitarnyi un-t Publ., 2003, pp. 380—382. (In Russian)
89. Chevardin A. V. Polyaki i pol’skie grazhdane v Sverdlovskoi oblasti v 1938—1948 gg. [Poles and Polish citizens in the Sverdlovsk region in 1938—1948]. Yekaterinburg, Bank kul’turnoi informatsii Publ., 2010. 224 p. (In Russian)
90. Chegodaev E. A. Deyatel’nost’ latyshskogo prosvetitel’nogo obshchestva “Prometejs” i teatra “Skatuve” v Bashkirskoi Respublike (30-e gody XX v.) [Educational activities of the Latvian society “Prometejs” and theatre “Skatuve” in Bashkiria during the 1930s]. Vestnik Akademii nauk Respubliki Bashkortostan — The Herald of the ASRB, 2012, no. 17 (4), pp. 56—66. (In Russian)
91. Chukhin I. I. Kareliya-37. Ideologiya i praktika terror [Karelia-37. Ideology and practice of terror]. Petrozavodsk, Petrozavodskii gos. un-t Publ., 1999. 163 p. (In Russian)